Understand that a fraction a/b is equivalent to (n × a)/(n × b) by observing how the number and size of parts change while the proportions remain the same, thus creating equivalent fractions. For comparing fractions with different numerators and denominators, utilize techniques like equating denominators or numerators or comparing with a benchmark fraction, ensuring they refer to the same whole. Notation symbols can record comparisons.

Conceptualize addition and subtraction of fractions as uniting or separating parts of the same whole. Fractions can be broken down into the sum of fractions with the same denominator multiple ways. Validation occurs with visual aids.

Mixed numbers with the same denominators can be added or subtracted by using equivalent fractions or operational properties and their interplay with addition and subtraction. Word problems involving the addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole and having like denominators can be solved through images and equations.

Comprehend a fraction a/b as 1/b multiplied by a, using visual models. Also, understand 'a times of a/b' as 'a times of 1/b,' which helps in multiplying a fraction by a whole number. Word problems involving the multiplication of a fraction by a